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Ratio analysis is the most important tool for financial analysis and financial analysis in itself is an important part of any business planning process as SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats), although the basic tool for strategic analysis plays a crucial role in a business planning process and SWOT analysis would be complete without an analysis of financial companies. In this way Ratio Analysis is a very important part of the whole subject of strategic planning. There are basicallySix types of indicators:

1) Return on Capital Employed: Dieses Verhältnis trägt dazu bei, die Zahl für gemeinnützige prüfen, verdient im Hinblick auf das Geld investiert (Capital Employed) in der Branche. And 'generally accepted, both the net income before taxes or net profit after tax to be used.

(a) ROCE = (net profit / capital employed) * 100

2) the earnings report: This report is useful for assessing the adequacy of profits earned and their development in comparison with the past.

(margin) Gross Profit = (Gross –Profit / Turnover) * 100

(b) Net Profit Margin = (Net income / turnover) * 100

Eeaning per share = Net profit / number of ordinary shares

3) Solvency Ratio: In order to maintain their status as "continuation of a business must be able to pay its debts, which must have sufficient capital to be done. The relationship between capital secuted helps examine the financial situation of a company.

(a) Working Capital Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities

(b) Liquidity Ratio = LiquidAsset / liability Liquid

Asset Turn 4) Over Ratio figure came from this calculation allows the management to ensure efficient use of resources.

(a) Rate of stock turnover (number) = Cost of Goods Sold / Average Stock Level

(b) stock turnover (days) = (Average Stock / Cost of goods sold) * 365

(c) Evaluate the collection of debtors (days) = (average accounts receivable / credit sales) * 365

(d) in payments to creditors (days) = (average tradeCreditors / Credit Purchases) * 365

(e) Cash Cycle (days) = time of detention plan + collection period, the terms of payment of creditors

(f) Total Asset Turnover = sales / total assets Aerage

5) or Levearage gearing ratio: This ratio is called the capital structure of the tooth.

(a) Equty Debt Ratio = total financial debt / equity

6) Cash flow Ratio: This is a relationship between cash flow and outflow. It helps to control the sources and uses of cashand their net impact. This ratio is calculated as a percentage and the percentages can be used to balance revenue and expenditure of cash, with the option to show the figure, ie when the demand for rental (representing 100%), with second aim of the analysis.

(a) ratio = Cash flow (cash flow / flow) * 100 or (withdrawals / deposits) * 100.

Limitations of ratio analysis:

1) E 'helps you find the changes in financial results, butdoes not explain the reason for these changes.

2) The budget does not always indicate a deterioration, poor management such as a decrease in the ratio of stock turnover may seem a sign of unhealthy society, but further investigation may then show accumulation of scarcity of raw materials that allow a plant to continue work as competitors are forced to stop production.

3) Too great importance for the individual proportions may not lead to a good decision. eg. Sometimes more can ROCEaccompanied with low liquidity.

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Asset Eyewear SUN Readers (Women) Reading Glasses – R740 Shiny Black Review

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There are two legal ways to protect your invention that you will want to consider before spending thousands of dollars on a patent. But before we get into that, you need to understand how intellectual property rights work.

Intellectual Property includes patents, trademarks, servicemarks, and copyrights.

A) WHAT IS A PATENT?

A patent allows you to exclude others from making or selling the invention but does not grant you the right to make or sell an invention. Generally, the term of a new patent is 20 years, and U.S. patent grants are only effective within the United States.

There are three types of patents:

1) Utility patents cover processes, machines, articles of manufacture, composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement of something.

2) Design patents cover the design or look of an invention.

3) Plant patents cover asexually reproduced distinct and new varieties of plants.

A utility patent is the strongest patent an inventor can obtain to protect an idea and how it works.

A design patent, although significantly less expensive, will only protect the way your invention looks (shape, color, size, etc), not the way and reason it works.

B) WHAT IS A TRADEMARK OR SERVICEMARK?

A trademark is a word, name, or symbol used to distinguish your products from others. A servicemark is the same as a trademark except it identifies a provider of a service, not a product.

Trademark rights may be used to prevent others from using a similar mark, but not from making or selling the same products or service.

C) WHAT IS A COPYRIGHT?

Copyright protects works of authorship: literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, etc. A copyright gives you exclusive rights to reproduce the creation, to distribute copies, and to perform or display the copyrighted work publicly.

A copyright protects the form of expression not the subject matter. So a description of a product can be copyrighted, but someone else could write a similar description, and even produce the product from your description, then market and sell the product. Copyrights are registered by the Copyright Office of the Library of Congress.

2 Economical forms of Intellectual Property protection

Two very economical forms of protection that you can use in the beginning stages of your idea are a Disclosure Document and a Provisional Patent.

A) The Disclosure Document Program allows you to send in a paper to the USPTO (United States Patent and Trademark Office) called the Disclosure Document, describing your invention, “as evidence of the date of conception” of your idea. This record is kept on file for two years, but this is not a patent application, so it will only give you minimal protection. In other words, you need to begin completing your invention and pursuing a patent ASAP. A disclosure document filing costs $10 at the time of this writing.

B) The Provisional Patent Application allows you to put “patent pending” on your product, allows you to file for a patent without a lot of red tape, and it allows you to file for a foreign patent in other countries. Filing a provisional patent also allows you to test your idea, find funding, perfect it, establish retail accounts, etc. However, it is only good for 12 months, and during that time you need to file for a full patent.

According to the USPTO, “inventors are strongly encouraged to file a provisional patent application instead of a Disclosure Document”. I highly recommend this strategy. It is quite beneficial and only costs $80 at the time of this writing.

SUMMARY OF IP RIGHTS

Although this gives you a fair amount of information on intellectual property rights, you will likely get more complete information from a patent attorney. There are areas in which you may want to seek counsel, such as patent writing, and contract negotiation.

There is a great deal that you can learn on your own about writing patents by simply reading through patents that have been published. You can find these online at http://www.uspto.gov. Familiarize yourself with this website, it has many tools that will help you learn more about protecting your ideas.

I learned how to write patents by reading patents that were similar to products I was developing until I began to recognize and understand the language used. This can help you whether you are writing your own patent or having an attorney do it. Either way, you should at least have an elementary grasp of how the document comes together.

As far as filing for copyrights, trademarks, or servicemarks, these things are as simple as following directions and filling out paperwork. For trademark, or servicemark forms, contact the USPTO by phone, mail, or email. For copyright forms, contact the Copyright Office of the Library of Congress.

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The Problem

At one of the accounting forums I visit, quickbooksgroup.com, somebody wrote to explain a problem she was having in her QuickBooks file. After some posts back and forth with her, I saw that it boiled down to some changes her accountant made to the file – procedural changes which seemed unnecessary to me, and which happened without the file owner’s permission or understanding. I told her:

“Send the file back [to your accountant] and explain that her changes don’t work for your way of doing things. Tell her to put things back the way you had them. Also tell her not to change your procedures without first explaining the new way she wants it, and also getting your permission for the change. Am I being unreasonable? Aren’t you the one paying her bill?”

I understand that sometimes a change needs to be made in a QuickBooks file. I also understand that sometimes a change does not need to be made. Sometimes it’s simply a preference issue – this means that one person likes it one way, one person likes it another way. Neither is wrong.

Who’s File Is It, Anyway?

It seems that sometimes we, as accountants and bookkeepers, forget who owns the file. Clearly, the person who posted the question was just as unclear as her accountant. Had she been clear that it was her file, not the accountant’s, she would have known what to do without asking.

My Advice for Bookkeepers and Accountants Supporting QuickBooks

Be careful about implementing changes – people often have habits developed, and it’s tough to change them. Don’t do it unless it’s absolutely necessary, make sure you get their consent, and train them thoroughly so they understand the new procedure.

What To Do If Your File Has Been Changed

Don’t be intimitated – even though your accountant knows more about accounting, it’s your file. Regardless if the change was necessary, you have a right to know about it before it happens. Be straightforward with your accountant, and explain that you must give permission before a procedural change is made. Also, if you don’t understand the new procedure, insist on proper training.

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A perplexing problem that is garnering much attention is the matter of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). There has been considerable progress made on this subject over the last few years but a vast chasm separates China from the rest of the world. When we closely examine some of the measures taken recently, it gives hope that there is potential resolution to some of the major problems in dealing with IPR.

Improving protection of intellectual property rights is the United States government’s highest priority in its economic relationship with China. Each year the American Embassy sponsors a roundtable on IPR attended by hundreds of US investors.

It must be noted that China is a member of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the Paris Convention of Industrial Property, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, the Madrid Trademark Convention, the Universal Copyright Convention and the Geneva Phonograms Convention. As of June 9, 2007, China fully complies with the WIPO Copyright Treaty and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty. Its accession was expected in 2006, but China acceded on March 9, 2007.

In spite of all the alliances and the progress this decade, the United States Trade Representative states that China fails to enforce intellectual property rights. Copyrights, inventions, brands, and trade secrets are routinely stolen. Intellectual piracy is one of China’s greatest hurdles to becoming a trusted member of the world’s economic community. The rules and penalties for the piracy of intellectual property rights remain mild and very lenient.

Recent developments indicate that China is accelerating its attention to IPR. China increasingly recognizes that IPR protection is just as important for their own industry. The scrutiny of world press surrounding the 2008 Olympics has added to the urgency of China’s compliance with international law.

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For those that have been a victim of a minority shareholder squeeze out, the experience can be a nightmare. It usually involves the majority shareholder first terminating the employment of a shareholder of less than 50% of the privately held company’s stock. The benefit to the minority shareholders in owning the stock is primarily their employment and the anticipation of a fair purchase price when the entire company is sold.

Dividends are seldom paid to shareholders, and if they are, they are minimal. After the minority shareholder is terminated, he receives an offer to purchase his shares from the majority holder or the corporation for what he feels is way below market price. When he objects, he is referred to the shareholder agreement that he signed years ago that gives the Corporation or other shareholders the right of first refusal to purchase his shares at valuations that are not even close to the fair value of his shares.

The first reaction is to sue. Let me tell you it is usually a waste of time and almost always a waste of money. After all, you signed the shareholder agreement that states very clearly:

Right of First Refusal: The Corporation Shall have the power, at its option to purchase any and all of its shares owned and held by any shareholder who should desire to sell – the shareholders shall not assign, transfer, encumber, or in any manner dispose of any or all of the shares of the corporation that may now or hereafter be held or owned by them, and no such shares shall be transferable unless and until such shares have first been offered to the corporation.

It gets worse folks:

In the event the Corporation exercises its right of first refusal under the above clauses, the purchase price shall be payable in cash or bank check, and shall be the book value of the shares, exclusive of goodwill, as of the first notice, as determined according to generally accepted accounting principles and shall be binding upon the parties.

According to the Coolidge Study Fixing Value of Minority Interest in a Business Actual Sales Suggest Discounts as high as 70 percent from what would be considered the fair value of the entire company multiplied by the minority shareholder’s percentage ownership.

A number of years of experience has demonstrated that it is extremely difficult to find any market for minority interests

-despite efforts to do so – On the relatively rare occasions when an offer is made to buy a minority interest, it is almost always for an amount far less than the fiduciary and beneficiary expect to get.

Why does this happen? The majority shareholders whose attorneys drew up the shareholder’s agreement certainly balance the scales way in favor of their clients. Secondly, IRS Revenue Ruling 59-60 allows steep discounts when valuing minority interests in privately held companies. The lack of marketability discount can be as high as 40%. A second discount for lack of control for up to 40% can be applied on top of that.

Armed with this knowledge and backed by a favorable shareholder agreement, the majority shareholder is under no compunction to offer anything close to a fair price for the squeezed out minority holder. Below is the sad news that results from this environment as reported by the Coolidge Study of actual minority shareholder buy-outs:

Average sale price was 36% below accounting book value

Only 20% were at discounts of less than 20%

53% sold at discounts ranging from 22% – 48%

23% sold at discounts ranging from 54% – 78%

Note: The metric used was accounting book value not fair market value. For most going concerns, net book value is not even close to true market value. Net book value might apply if the company was losing money or making so little money, that the break up value of selling the assets exceeded a valuation based on the earnings capacity of the business. In a company we recently looked at, for example, the net book value was about $3 million. The fair value, however, based on comparables and a discounted cash flow valuation was closer to $10 million. So the best way I can describe these buyout offers is punishing.

Remember the first reaction is the lawsuit. Unless the majority owner does something stupidly oppressive, there are no grounds that can force him to buy your shares at anything other than what is stated in the shareholder agreement. He really does not have to buy your shares at all. He can simply wait you out and pay no dividends, and pass the business down to the next generation. Your family could conceivably get no value for the ownership for a hundred years. Remember, most likely your benefit from being a minority shareholder was that you were employed by the company.

Many squeezed out shareholders try the route of wrongful termination lawsuits. Again, great for the lawyers, not such a sound risk reward decision. Typically they will spend $100,000 in legal fees to recover one year’s wages of $150,000. Other than the satisfaction of sticking it to the majority holder, it is pretty much useless. If you think this wrongful termination lawsuit can somehow be used to leverage the majority shareholder into paying fair value for your stock, you are deluding yourself. Unfortunately, the legal counsel you have hired will support your delusion.

A client was attempting this ill-fated approach and had been at it for over a year and spent over $100K on a wrongful termination lawsuit. Our advice went something like this, Dan, you are focusing on the wrong thing. You are spending all your time and money thinking your wrongful termination lawsuit can somehow benefit your cause to improving the buyout offer. If you win, your one year in salary recovery will just about break you even with your legal expenses. You have been offered $500 K to purchase your 47% interest in a business with an enterprise value of $9 million. Let us help you focus your efforts on chasing the correct pot of gold.

I know what you are thinking. I already know this. I have lived this. Why have I wasted my time reading this article to have you tell me what I already am painfully aware of? OK, maybe I can shine a ray of sunshine. We recommend an investment banking approach to encourage the majority shareholders to allow the minority shareholders to unlock more value for their shares. It involves a great measure of deal making fineness to help the majority shareholder recognize what’s in it for him. If that fails, the majority shareholder has to make an error and then you can attempt a minority oppression lawsuit.

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